![]() ![]() In two-photon microscopy, adjusting the viewing angle to the observation plane is labor-intensive, and the animal must be completely immobilized against the experimental apparatus during an imaging session. Microendoscopy has several advantages over two-photon microscopy despite its lower temporal and spatial resolutions. Although there also has been a report on the application of microendoscopic calcium imaging to marmosets 22, its application to macaque monkeys has not yet been reported. In rodents, microendoscopic calcium imaging, which implants a gradient index (GRIN) lens into the brain and observes neural activity through a miniaturized fluorescent microscope, is also widely used, producing a number of innovative results concerning various brain areas, including deep neural nuclei 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. In primates, two-photon microscopy has been mainly used in calcium imaging studies to record neural activity from the cortical surface. Calcium imaging allows the simultaneous recording of a number of neurons and thus is a powerful tool for understanding the function of local neural circuits at the mesoscopic scale. Recently, calcium imaging with fluorescence microscopy using acutely injected calcium-sensitive dye 1, 2, 3, 4 or genetically encoded calcium indicator 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 has been applied. ![]() Extracellular recordings using microelectrodes have been traditionally used to record neural activity in the macaque brain. ![]() Macaque monkeys have long been used as experimental models to understand the neural mechanisms of the human brain. These results indicate that microendoscopic calcium imaging is feasible and reasonable for investigating neural circuits in the macaque brain by monitoring fluorescent signals from a large number of neurons. Moreover, we successfully decoded the stimulus orientation and tracked the cells across days. A subset of these neurons showed clear retinotopy and orientation tuning. We found tens of clear fluorescent signals from three of the six brain hemispheres. Here, we developed miniature fluorescent microscopy to image neural activities from the primary visual cortex of behaving macaques. Microendoscopic calcium imaging combined with implantable gradient index lenses captures neural activities from deep brain areas with a compact and convenient setup however, this has been limited to rodents and marmosets. You will get a versatile image with great quality, that you can send to anyone without taking too much time.In vivo calcium imaging with genetically encoded indicators has recently been applied to macaque brains to monitor neural activities from a large population of cells simultaneously. If you have a huge photo, we recommend resizing it to about 1900 by 1100 pixels, with JPG format and 90% quality. So if you resize your image, decreasing its width and height to a half, your image would have about the same number of pixels as the screens that will display it, and you wouldn't be losing any quality or detail, even looking at your image in full screen mode. Photos from modern cellphones and cameras usually have over 6 million pixels, while most cellphones, tablets, notebook or TV screens have only about 1.5 million pixels, which means you end up seeing a resized version of the image (you only use the full image if you print it). Reducing image size doesn't reduce image quality, although it may lose small details. Image quality will suffer as you increase compression and start losing more data.Īnother method is to resize your photo, decreasing the pixels it takes to store the image. One way is compressing the image, which reduces file size without having to resize it. ![]()
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